Management of Radioactive Waste from HTGR Reactors including Spent TRISO Fuel—State of the Art

In light of the increasing demand for energy sources in world and need to meet climate goals set by countries, there is growing global interest high temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs), especially as they are known be inherently safe nuclear reactors. The safety HTGRs results, among other, from nature fuel used them form coated TRISO particles (tri-structural-isotropic) reduction total amount radioactive waste generated. This paper reviews numerous methods ensure sustainable, feasible management long-term storage HTGR protection environment society. types generated cycle presented well their characterization, which important long-time final disposal. Two leading strategies, once-through (direct disposal or open cycle) twice-through (recycling partially closed cycle), discussed also relation spent fuel. A short review possibilities treatment made.